撒布車布料均勻性直接影響施工質(zhì)量，其受設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)、物料特性、操作參數(shù)及環(huán)境條件等多方面因素制約，需針對(duì)性把控以提升均勻度。

　　The uniformity of the fabric on the spreader directly affects the construction quality, which is constrained by various factors such as equipment structure, material characteristics, operating parameters, and environmental conditions. Targeted control is needed to improve the uniformity.

　　設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)是基礎(chǔ)影響因素。布料器類型決定布料方式：螺旋式布料器通過雙螺旋葉片推送物料，葉片間距（通常 10-15cm）和轉(zhuǎn)速均勻性至關(guān)重要，若葉片磨損（厚度減少 30% 以上）或安裝錯(cuò)位，會(huì)導(dǎo)致兩側(cè)送料量差異（偏差超 5%）；扇葉式布料器依賴高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉片拋撒物料，葉片角度（一般 30°-45°）需對(duì)稱，角度偏差 1° 就可能造成撒布范圍偏移，葉片邊緣磨損會(huì)使拋射力減弱，形成局部物料堆積。料斗內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)也有影響，斗壁傾斜角度（≥60°）可減少物料滯留，若存在直角拐角或凸起，易形成物料架橋（結(jié)塊物料卡?。瑢?dǎo)致下料斷斷續(xù)續(xù)。此外，布料寬度調(diào)節(jié)裝置（如擋板位置）需精準(zhǔn)，兩側(cè)擋板高度差應(yīng)≤2cm，否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)單側(cè)撒布過寬或過窄。

　　The design of equipment structure is a fundamental influencing factor. The type of fabric dispenser determines the fabric feeding method: the spiral type fabric dispenser pushes materials through double spiral blades, and the blade spacing (usually 10-15cm) and speed uniformity are crucial. If the blades are worn (thickness reduced by more than 30%) or installed incorrectly, it will cause a difference in the feeding amount on both sides (deviation exceeding 5%); The fan-shaped fabric dispenser relies on high-speed rotating blades to scatter materials, and the blade angles (usually 30 ° -45 °) need to be symmetrical. A deviation of 1 ° in angle may cause a deviation in the spreading range, and blade edge wear will weaken the ejection force, resulting in local material accumulation. The internal structure of the hopper also has an impact. The inclination angle of the hopper wall (≥ 60 °) can reduce material retention. If there are right angle corners or protrusions, it is easy to form material bridging (clumped materials getting stuck), resulting in intermittent feeding. In addition, the fabric width adjustment device (such as the position of the baffle) needs to be precise, and the height difference between the two side baffles should be ≤ 2cm, otherwise it may result in one side spreading too wide or too narrow.

　　物料自身特性對(duì)均勻性影響顯著。物料粒徑差異是關(guān)鍵：粒徑范圍較小時(shí)（如 5-10mm 碎石），撒布后分布更均勻；若粒徑混雜（2-20mm），大顆粒易因慣性大拋射更遠(yuǎn)，小顆粒則散落較近，形成 “外粗內(nèi)細(xì)” 的分層。物料濕度需控制在合理范圍（通?！?%），濕度過高（＞8%）會(huì)使物料粘結(jié)成塊，堵塞下料口（如水泥撒布時(shí)結(jié)塊易卡在出料口），導(dǎo)致局部斷料；濕度過低（＜2%），輕質(zhì)物料（如石灰粉）易被氣流吹散，出現(xiàn)撒布量不足。物料流動(dòng)性也很重要，顆粒表面光滑的物料（如河砂）比粗糙物料（如機(jī)制砂）更易均勻下料，添加防粘劑（如少量滑石粉）可改善粘性物料的流動(dòng)性，但添加量需≤1%，避免影響物料性能。

　　The inherent characteristics of the material have a significant impact on uniformity. The difference in material particle size is key: when the particle size range is small (such as 5-10mm crushed stone), the distribution is more uniform after spreading; If the particle size is mixed (2-20mm), large particles are prone to be ejected further due to inertia, while small particles scatter closer, forming a "coarse on the outside and fine on the inside" layering. The humidity of the material should be controlled within a reasonable range (usually ≤ 5%). If the humidity is too high (>8%), the material will bond into blocks, block the discharge port (such as when cement is spread, clumps are easy to get stuck in the discharge port), and cause local material breakage; If the humidity is too low (<2%), lightweight materials (such as lime powder) are easily blown away by the airflow, resulting in insufficient spreading. Material flowability is also important. Materials with smooth particle surfaces (such as river sand) are easier to evenly feed than rough materials (such as machine-made sand). Adding anti sticking agents (such as a small amount of talc powder) can improve the flowability of viscous materials, but the amount added should be ≤ 1% to avoid affecting material performance.

　　操作參數(shù)設(shè)置直接影響布料效果。行駛速度與撒布量需匹配：車速過快（如超 10km/h），單位面積物料量減少，且離心式布料器來不及充分拋撒；車速過慢（＜3km/h），易造成局部堆積，通常車速控制在 5-8km/h，撒布量（如每平方米 2-5kg）通過調(diào)節(jié)下料口開度（電動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)精度 ±1mm）設(shè)定，確保與車速呈正比。布料器轉(zhuǎn)速需適配物料：輕質(zhì)物料（如粉煤灰）需較高轉(zhuǎn)速（800-1000r/min）以擴(kuò)大撒布范圍，重質(zhì)物料（如鐵礦石）用較低轉(zhuǎn)速（400-600r/min）防止拋射過遠(yuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)應(yīng)≤50r/min，避免忽快忽慢導(dǎo)致撒布不均。此外，撒布高度（布料器距地面距離）需穩(wěn)定，一般保持 50-80cm，高度變化 ±5cm 就可能使邊緣撒布量偏差 10% 以上。

　　The setting of operating parameters directly affects the fabric effect. The driving speed and spreading amount need to be matched: if the vehicle speed is too fast (such as exceeding 10km/h), the amount of material per unit area will decrease, and the centrifugal fabric spreader will not have enough time to fully spread it; If the vehicle speed is too slow (<3km/h), it is easy to cause local accumulation. Usually, the vehicle speed is controlled at 5-8km/h. The spreading amount (such as 2-5kg per square meter) is set by adjusting the opening of the feeding port (electric adjustment accuracy ± 1mm) to ensure that it is proportional to the vehicle speed. The speed of the fabric feeder needs to be adapted to the material: lightweight materials (such as fly ash) require a higher speed (800-1000r/min) to expand the spreading range, while heavy materials (such as iron ore) require a lower speed (400-600r/min) to prevent excessive ejection. The speed fluctuation should be ≤ 50r/min to avoid uneven spreading caused by sudden changes in speed. In addition, the spreading height (the distance between the fabric applicator and the ground) needs to be stable, generally maintained at 50-80cm. A height variation of ± 5cm may cause a deviation of more than 10% in the edge spreading amount.

　　環(huán)境條件的干擾不可忽視。風(fēng)力是主要影響因素：風(fēng)速超過 3 級(jí)（＞3.4m/s）時(shí)，輕質(zhì)物料會(huì)被吹向順風(fēng)側(cè)，形成單側(cè)偏多；逆風(fēng)時(shí)物料拋射距離縮短，導(dǎo)致車頭方向物料堆積，此時(shí)需降低行駛速度（比正常慢 20%），或調(diào)整布料器角度（順風(fēng)側(cè)角度減小 5°）抵消風(fēng)力影響。路面平整度也有作用，行駛在坑洼路面時(shí)，車身顛簸會(huì)使料斗下料忽快忽慢，需提前平整路面（平整度偏差≤3cm），或開啟車身減震裝置（如液壓減震）減少震動(dòng)。溫度對(duì)某些物料有影響：高溫（＞35℃）使瀝青等熱料流動(dòng)性增強(qiáng)，易出現(xiàn)下料過快；低溫（＜5℃）使粘性物料凝固，下料阻力增大，需根據(jù)溫度調(diào)節(jié)料斗加熱裝置（如瀝青撒布車的料斗溫控在 160-180℃），保持物料流動(dòng)性穩(wěn)定。

　　The interference of environmental conditions cannot be ignored. Wind speed is the main influencing factor: when the wind speed exceeds level 3 (>3.4m/s), lightweight materials will be blown towards the downwind side, forming a one-sided excess; When facing against the wind, the distance of material ejection is shortened, resulting in material accumulation in the direction of the front of the vehicle. At this time, it is necessary to reduce the driving speed (20% slower than normal) or adjust the angle of the fabric feeder (reduce the angle on the downwind side by 5 °) to counteract the influence of wind force. The smoothness of the road surface also plays a role. When driving on bumpy roads, the vehicle's bumps can cause the hopper to discharge materials quickly and slowly. It is necessary to level the road surface in advance (with a flatness deviation of ≤ 3cm) or activate the vehicle's shock absorber (such as hydraulic shock absorber) to reduce vibration. Temperature has an impact on certain materials: high temperatures (>35 ℃) enhance the flowability of hot materials such as asphalt, which can lead to rapid cutting; Low temperature (<5 ℃) causes the viscous material to solidify, increasing the feeding resistance. It is necessary to adjust the heating device of the hopper according to the temperature (such as the temperature control of the hopper of the asphalt spreader at 160-180 ℃) to maintain stable material flowability.

　　設(shè)備維護(hù)狀況關(guān)聯(lián)長(zhǎng)期均勻性。定期檢查下料口磨損情況，出料邊緣磨損量超 3mm 需更換，避免因開口不規(guī)則導(dǎo)致下料量波動(dòng)。清潔料斗內(nèi)壁（每周 1 次），清除殘留物料結(jié)垢（如水泥硬化層），防止結(jié)垢脫落堵塞下料通道。潤(rùn)滑布料器軸承（每月加注潤(rùn)滑脂），確保轉(zhuǎn)速穩(wěn)定，軸承間隙增大（＞0.5mm）會(huì)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)速忽高忽低，需及時(shí)更換。校準(zhǔn)計(jì)量裝置（每季度 1 次），通過稱重法驗(yàn)證實(shí)際撒布量與設(shè)定值的偏差（應(yīng)≤3%），偏差過大時(shí)調(diào)整傳感器參數(shù)。

　　The long-term uniformity of equipment maintenance status is related. Regularly check the wear of the discharge port. If the wear on the discharge edge exceeds 3mm, it needs to be replaced to avoid fluctuations in the discharge volume caused by irregular openings. Clean the inner wall of the hopper (once a week), remove residual material scaling (such as cement hardening layer), and prevent scaling from falling off and blocking the discharge channel. Lubricate the bearings of the fabric dispenser (add lubricating grease every month) to ensure stable speed. An increase in bearing clearance (>0.5mm) can cause the speed to fluctuate, and it needs to be replaced in a timely manner. Calibrate the measuring device (once every quarter), verify the deviation between the actual spreading amount and the set value through weighing method (should be ≤ 3%), and adjust the sensor parameters when the deviation is too large.

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